Rhythmic motor behavior explains individual differences in grammar skills in adults.

A growing body of literature has reported the relationship between music and language, particularly between individual differences in perceptual rhythm skill and grammar competency in children. Here, we investigated whether motoric aspects of rhythm processing-as measured by rhythmic finger tapping tasks-also explain the rhythm-grammar connection in 150 healthy young adults. We found that all expressive rhythm skills (spontaneous, synchronized, and continued tapping) along with rhythm discrimination skill significantly predicted receptive grammar skills on either auditory sentence comprehension or grammaticality well-formedness judgment (e.g., singular/plural, past/present), even after controlling for verbal working memory and music experience. Among these, synchronized tapping and rhythm discrimination explained unique variance of sentence comprehension and grammaticality judgment, respectively, indicating differential associations between different rhythm and grammar skills. Together, we demonstrate that even simple and repetitive motor behavior can account for seemingly high-order grammar skills in the adult population, suggesting that the sensorimotor system continue to support syntactic operations.

Neural consequences of binaural beat stimulation on auditory sentence comprehension: an EEG study.

A growing literature has shown that binaural beat (BB)-generated by dichotic presentation of slightly mismatched pure tones-improves cognition. We recently found that BB stimulation of either beta (18 Hz) or gamma (40 Hz) frequencies enhanced auditory sentence comprehension. Here, we used electroencephalography (EEG) to characterize neural oscillations pertaining to the enhanced linguistic operations following BB stimulation. Sixty healthy young adults were randomly assigned to one of three listening groups: 18-Hz BB, 40-Hz BB, or pure-tone baseline, all embedded in music. After listening to the sound for 10 min (stimulation phase), participants underwent an auditory sentence comprehension task involving spoken sentences that contained either an object or subject relative clause (task phase). During the stimulation phase, 18-Hz BB yielded increased EEG power in a beta frequency range, while 40-Hz BB did not. During the task phase, only the 18-Hz BB resulted in significantly higher accuracy and faster response times compared with the baseline, especially on syntactically more complex object-relative sentences. The behavioral improvement by 18-Hz BB was accompanied by attenuated beta power difference between object- and subject-relative sentences. Altogether, our findings demonstrate beta oscillations as a neural correlate of improved syntactic operation following BB stimulation.

Incidence and Risk Factors of Recurrent Anterior Uveitis in Initial Acute-Onset Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Disease.

PURPOSE: We report the estimated incidence of, and risk factors for, recurrent anterior uveitis in patients with initial acute-onset Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease using survival analyses. METHODS: Patients who were diagnosed with initial acute-onset VKH disease during 2003-2022 at two university hospitals were included. Recurrent anterior uveitis was defined as the first occurrence of the granulomatous anterior uveitis with anterior chamber cells and flare of 2+ or more by the Standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature (SUN) Working Group grading scheme, after the disappearance of conspicuous uveitis and serous retinal detachment for at least 3 months, regardless of systemic or local treatment. The univariate log-rank test and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed, including patients' demographic characteristics, underlying diseases, presence of prodromal symptoms, duration of visual symptoms, visual acuity, slit-lamp and fundus findings, and height of serous retinal detachment. The treatment method and response to treatment were also included. RESULTS: The estimated incidence was 39.3% at 10 years. Fifteen of 55 patients (27.3%) had recurrent anterior uveitis during the mean follow-up of 4.5 years. The presence of focal posterior synechiae at the diagnosis increased the risk of recurrent anterior uveitis 6.97-fold compared to the absence of synechiae (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.20-22.11; p < 0.001). Use of systemic high-dose steroid therapy more than 7 days after the development of visual symptoms resulted in a hazard ratio of 4.55 (95% CI, 1.27-16.40; p = 0.020). CONCLUSIONS: This study reports the estimated incidence and risk factors of recurrent anterior uveitis in VKH disease from survival analyses. However, because of the retrospective nature of this study, it is hard to confirm the consistency of the medical records regarding risk factors, thus, the presence of focal posterior synechiae can be inconclusive as a risk factor. Further studies are warranted.

Beta and gamma binaural beats enhance auditory sentence comprehension.

Binaural beats-an auditory illusion produced when two pure tones of slightly different frequencies are dichotically presented-have been shown to modulate various cognitive and psychological states. Here, we investigated the effects of binaural beat stimulation on auditory sentence processing that required interpretation of syntactic relations (Experiment 1) or an evaluation of syntactic well formedness (Experiment 2) with a large cohort of healthy young adults (N = 200). In both experiments, participants performed a language task after listening to one of four sounds (i.e., between-subject design): theta (7 Hz), beta (18 Hz), and gamma (40 Hz) binaural beats embedded in music, or the music only (baseline). In Experiment 1, 100 participants indicated the gender of a noun linked to a transitive action verb in spoken sentences containing either a subject or object-relative center-embedded clause. We found that both beta and gamma binaural beats yielded better performance, compared to the baseline, especially for syntactically more complex object-relative sentences. To determine if the binaural beat effect can be generalized to another type of syntactic analysis, we conducted Experiment 2 in which another 100 participants indicated whether or not there was a grammatical error in spoken sentences. However, none of the binaural beats yielded better performance for this task indicating that the benefit of beta and gamma binaural beats may be specific to the interpretation of syntactic relations. Together, we demonstrate, for the first time, the positive impact of binaural beats on auditory language comprehension. Both theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Sensorimotor and working memory systems jointly support development of perceptual rhythm processing.

We studied the role of sensorimotor and working memory systems in supporting development of perceptual rhythm processing with 119 participants aged 7-12 years. Children were assessed for their abilities in sensorimotor synchronization (SMS; beat tapping), auditory working memory (AWM; digit span), and rhythm discrimination (RD; same/different judgment on a pair of musical rhythm sequences). Multiple regression analysis revealed that children's RD performance was independently predicted by higher beat tapping consistency and greater digit span score, with all other demographic variables (age, sex, socioeconomic status, music training) controlled. The association between RD and SMS was more robust in the slower tempos (60 and 100 beats-per-minute (BPM)) than faster ones (120 and 180 BPM). Critically, the relation of SMS to RD was moderated by age in that RD performance was predicted by beat tapping consistency in younger children (age: 7-9 years), but not in older children (age: 10-12 years). AWM was the only predictor of RD in older children. Together, the current findings demonstrate that the sensorimotor and working memory systems jointly support RD processing during middle-to-late childhood and that the degree of association between the two systems and perceptual rhythm processing is shifted before entering into early adolescence.

Role of the JAK/STAT pathway in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic retinopathy mouse model.

PURPOSE: The Janus tyrosine kinase and signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway is involved in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression, but the role of this pathway in diabetic retinopathy (DR) remains unclear. We investigated the role of the JAK/STAT pathway on DR and VEGF expression using a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced DR mouse model. METHODS: Cultured ARPE-19 cells were exposed to high-glucose conditions and treated with JAK/STAT inhibitors (JAK inhibitor I [JAKiI], tofacitinib, STAT3 inhibitor [STAT3i]) for 48 h. Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to investigate p-JAK/STAT and VEGF expression. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of STZ (50 mg/kg) in C57BL/6 mice for 5 days. DR development was evaluated every 4 weeks. JAK/STAT inhibitors were administered for 8 weeks. Immunofluorescence was used to measure the activation status of the JAK/STAT pathway and VEGF production in the retinal tissue. RESULTS: In ARPE-19 cells exposed to high-glucose conditions, the mRNA and secretory protein levels of VEGF, p-JAK1, p-JAK2, p-STAT3, and p-STAT5 levels were significantly increased. Treatment with JAKiI, tofacitinib, and STAT3i significantly suppressed VEGF to basal levels at both the mRNA and secretory levels in vitro. In STZ-induced mice, retinal vascular leakage, p-JAK1, p-JAK2, p-JAK3, p-STAT3, and VEGF were significantly increased after diabetes induction. Diabetes-induced retinal vascular leakage was significantly reduced by treatment with JAKiI and tofacitinib. Increased p-JAK1 and VEGF in STZ-induced mice were significantly reduced by JAKiI (p < 0.05, p < 0.001) and tofacitinib (p < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION: JAK1 may be more involved in VEGF production and DR progression in mice than JAK2, JAK3, and STAT3.

3D Neural Network Composed of Neurospheroid and Bionanohybrid on Microelectrode Array to Realize the Spatial Input Signal Recognition in Neurospheroid.

There have been several studies for demonstration of 2D neural network using living cells or organic/inorganic molecules, but to date, there is no report of development of a 3D neural network in vitro. Based on developed bionanohybrid composed of protein, DNA, molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles, and peptides for controlling electrophysiological states of living cells, here, the in vitro 3D neural network composed of the bionanohybrid, 3D neurospheroid and the microelectrode array (MEA) is developed. After production of the 3D neurospheroid derived from human neural stem cells, the bionanohybrid developed on the MEA successfully semi-penetrates the neurites of the 3D neurospheroid and forms the 3D neural network. The developed 3D neural network successfully exhibited the electrophysiological output signals of the 3D neurospheroid by transmitting the input signal applied by the bionanohybrid. Moreover, by using the selectively immobilized bionanohybrid on the MEA, the spatial input signal recognition in the neurospheroid of 3D neural network is realized for the first time. This newly developed in vitro 3D neural network provides a promising strategy to be applied in brain-on-a-chip, brain disease-related drug efficacy evaluation, bioelectronics, and bioelectronic medicine.

Bionanohybrid composed of metalloprotein/DNA/MoS2/peptides to control the intracellular redox states of living cells and its applicability as a cell-based biomemory device.

The development of cell-based bioelectronic devices largely depends on the direct control of intracellular redox states. However, most related studies have focused on the accurate measurement of electrical signals from living cells, whereas direct intracellular state control remains largely unexplored. Here, we developed a biocompatible transmembranal bionanohybrid structure composed of a recombinant metalloprotein, DNA, molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles (MoS2), and peptides to control intracellular redox states, which can be used as a cell-based biomemory device. Using the capacitance of MoS2 located inside the cell, the bionanohybrid controled the intracellular redox states of living cells by recording and extracting intracellular charges, which inturn was achieved by activating (writing) and deactivating (erasing) the cells. As a proof of concept, cell-based biomemory functions including writing, reading, and erasing were successfully demonstrated and confirmed via electrochemical methods and patch-clamp analyses, resulting in the development of the first in vitro cell-based biomemory device. This newly developed bionanohybrid provides a novel approach to control cellular redox states for cell-based bioelectronic applications, and can be applicable in a wide range of biological fields including bioelectronic medicine and intracellular redox status regulation.

Methodology and Rationale for Ophthalmic Examinations in the Seventh and Eighth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (2017-2021).

This report provides a detailed description of the methodology for ophthalmic examinations according to the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) VII and VIII (from 2017 to 2021). The KNHANES is a nationwide survey which has been performed since 1998 in representatives of whole Korean population. During the KNHANES VII and VIII, in addition to the ophthalmic questionnaire, intraocular pressure measurement, visual field test, auto refractometry, axial length and optical coherence tomography measurements were included. This new survey will provide not only provide normative and pathologic ophthalmic data including intraocular pressure, refractive error, axial length, visual field and precise measurement of anterior segment, macula and optic nerve with optical coherence tomography, but also a more accurate diagnosis for major adult blindness diseases, including age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and other ocular diseases, for the national Korean population.

Title: efficacy of intravitreal dexamethasone implant on hard exudate in diabetic macular edema.

BACKGROUND: To investigate the effect of intravitreal dexamethasone implant (DEX implant) on hard exudate (HE) accompanying diabetic macular edema (DME). METHODS: This study was a non-comparative non-randomized 1-year prospective interventional study. Patients with DME and HE were treated using DEX implant two or three times. Color fundus photography and optical coherence tomography (OCT) were performed at every visit. HE area was measured semi-automatically from the fundus photographs. RESULTS: Thirty-five patients completed the study. Eleven patients (31.4%) received two injections, while the remaining received three times. HE area (primary outcome) significantly decreased from 1.404±2.094 mm2 (baseline) to 0.212±0.592 mm2 (last visit), which was 24% of the baseline HE area (P<0.001). HE1500 (HE within 1500 µm from the fovea) area also decreased significantly from 0.382±0.467 mm2 to 0.066±0.126 mm2 (P<0.001). Furthermore, anaverage best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) improvement of 4.4 Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) letters was observed (from 49.9±18.3 to 54.3±20.4 letters) (P= 0.008). Central macular thickness (CMT) decreased from 455.8±23.6 µm to 366.8±31.1 µm (P=0.009). Repetitive measurements for entire study duration was analyzed using generalized estimating equations (GEE), where BCVA was related to age, CMT, and HE1500 area in multivariate analyses. CONCLUSION: DEX implant could reduce and suppress HE in DME for one year with two or three injections. And centrally located HE area (HE1500 area) is related to vision. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02399657 , Registered 26 March 2015.

One-year Results of Aflibercept Treatment for Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy with Good Visual Acuity.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the one-year efficacy of intravitreal aflibercept injection in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) with best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of 20 / 40 or better. METHODS: This was a multicenter retrospective study. The medical records of patients diagnosed with treatment-naïve PCV were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with an initial BCVA of 20 / 40 or better and who had undergone intravitreal aflibercept injection were included. Patients were treated with three consecutive monthly injections, followed by pro re nata regimen according to the clinician's discretion at variable interval visits. The proportions of eyes for which BCVA was maintained (≤ 0.2 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution change) or improved at 12 months were evaluated. The changes of BCVA, central subfield macular thickness (CSMT), pigment epithelial detachment, and subretinal fluid also were assessed. RESULTS: A total of 86 eyes were included. The mean number of injections for 12 months of treatment was 5.4 ± 1.7. BCVA was maintained or improved in 94.2% (81 / 86) of cases. Mean BCVA (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution) had changed from the baseline (0.23 ± 0.09) at 3 months (0.21 ± 0.14), 6 months (0.24 ± 0.22), and 12 months (0.20 ± 0.18), but with no statistical significance. CSMT had improved significantly from the baseline (336.1 ± 97.3 µm) at 3 months (223.6 ± 47.22 µm), 6 months (239.6 ± 64.2 µm), and 12 months (223.8 ± 47.9 µm). Pigment epithelial detachment was observed in 93% of cases at the baseline, 72.1% at 3 months, and 69.8% at 12 months, showing a significant decrease at all observation points. Subretinal fluid was observed in 91.9% of cases at the baseline, 20.9% at 3 months, and 29.1% at 12 months, showing a significant decrease at all observation points. CONCLUSIONS: In cases of PCV with good visual acuity, intravitreal aflibercept injections decreased CSMT and were effective in maintaining visual acuity.

Two-year outcomes of the treat-and-extend regimen using aflibercept for treating diabetic macular oedema.

This study was performed to investigate the efficacy of the treat-and-extend regimen using aflibercept for treating diabetic macular oedema (DME). This prospective, multicentre, interventional, single-arm, 104-week clinical trial included 48 patients with DME visual impairment. The patients' eyes received five consecutive intravitreal injections (2 mg aflibercept) every four weeks with two-week adjustments based on central subfield macular thickness (CSMT) changes. Injections were deferred when CSMT was stable. The number of injections, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), CSMT, and diabetic retinopathy severity scale scores were analysed. Compared to baseline, BCVA improved by + 9.1 letters at 52 weeks and was maintained with + 9.4-letter gain at 104 weeks (P < 0.001). Between baseline and 104 weeks, CSMT decreased from 489 to 298 µm (P < 0.001) and eyes with vision ≥ 20/40 increased from 17.4 to 43.5% (P = 0.007). The mean number of injections decreased from 8.5 in year one to 3.9 in year two. The injection interval was extended to ≥ 12 weeks in 56.5% of patients. The treat-and-extend regimen of aflibercept in DME showed 2-year efficacy comparable to that of fixed dosing regimens. The flexible dosing of this regimen reduced the number of injections in year two while maintaining efficacy.

Cross-Modal Correspondence Between Speech Sound and Visual Shape Influencing Perceptual Representation of Shape: the Role of Articulation and Pitch.

Cross-modal correspondence is the tendency to systematically map stimulus features across sensory modalities. The current study explored cross-modal correspondence between speech sound and shape (Experiment 1), and whether such association can influence shape representation (Experiment 2). For the purpose of closely examining the role of the two factors - articulation and pitch - combined in speech acoustics, we generated two sets of 25 vowel stimuli - pitch-varying and pitch-constant sets. Both sets were generated by manipulating articulation - frontness and height of the tongue body's positions - but differed in terms of whether pitch varied among the sounds within the same set. In Experiment 1, participants made a forced choice between a round and a spiky shape to indicate the shape better associated with each sound. Results showed that shape choice was modulated according to both articulation and pitch, and we therefore concluded that both factors play significant roles in sound-shape correspondence. In Experiment 2, participants reported their subjective experience of shape accompanied by vowel sounds by adjusting an ambiguous shape in the response display. We found that sound-shape correspondence exerts an effect on shape representation by modulating audiovisual interaction, but only in the case of pitch-varying sounds. Therefore, pitch information within vowel acoustics plays the leading role in sound-shape correspondence influencing shape representation. Taken together, our results suggest the importance of teasing apart the roles of articulation and pitch for understanding sound-shape correspondence.

One-Year Results of Treatment of Diabetic Macular Edema with Aflibercept Using the Treat-and-Extend Dosing Regimen: the VIBIM Study.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to report the one-year results of treatment of diabetic macular edema (DME) with aflibercept using a treat-and-extend regimen (TER). METHODS: This was a prospective, multicenter, single-arm study planned for 2 years. The eyes received 5 consecutive intravitreal injections of 2 mg of aflibercept every 4 weeks, and the interval between injections was then adjusted by 2 weeks based on changes in the central subfield macular thickness (CSMT). If the CSMT was worse, stable, or better, the interval was shortened, extended, or maintained, respectively. The primary outcome measure was the change in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) from baseline to 104 weeks, and the secondary outcome was the change in BCVA from baseline to 52 weeks. RESULTS: Of the 48 patients enrolled, 46 completed a 1-year visit. BCVA improved significantly by 9.1 letters (95% confidence interval: 5.3-13.0 letters) from 56.2 letters at baseline (p < 0.001), and CSMT decreased by -171.7 µm from 489.4 to 317.7 µm (p < 0.001). The proportion of eyes having 20/40 or better vision increased from 17.4 to 41.3%, and the proportion of eyes that gained ≥15 letters was 28.3%. The mean number of injections was 8.5 times for 52 weeks. Worsening of macular edema did not occur in 76.1% of eyes during the extension period, and the interval between injections was extended to 12 weeks in 73.9% of eyes at 52 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: The TER showed 1-year efficacy comparable to that of the fixed dosing regimen of pivotal trials, and its flexible dosing would prevent overtreatment.

New Method of Quantitative Analysis of Hard Exudate Using Optical Coherence Tomography: Application in Diabetic Macular Edema.

PURPOSE: In the present study, the volume of hard exudates (HEs) was quantitatively measured using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and the agreement and correlation with area of HEs in fundus photography were analyzed. METHODS: The medical records of patients with diabetic macular edema who underwent focal laser treatment and were followed up more than 3 months were retrospectively evaluated. An automated customized program designed for measuring HE volume was used. The HEs in each OCT B-scan binary image were measured using 512 × 128 pixels, 6 mm × 6 mm OCT cube scans. The volume was measured by summing the segmented HEs in each 128 B-scan image. The area was measured in 6 mm x 6 mm fundus photography. The volume and area were measured before and 3 months after the treatment. The agreement of increase and decrease in HEs, and the correlation of volume and area of HEs were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 35 patients (39 eyes) were included in the study. The volume was significantly reduced from 0.07978 to 0.02565 mm³ at 3 months (p < 0.001). The area was also significantly reduced from 15.35 to 8.60 mm² at 3 months (p < 0.001). The volume was decreased in 34 eyes and increased in 5 eyes. The area was decreased in 37 eyes and increased in 2 eyes. A significant correlation between volume and area was found (p < 0.001) as well as agreement between increase and decrease in volume and area. CONCLUSIONS: In the 3-dimensional quantitative volumetric analysis, the volume and area of HEs were correlated and the direction of increase and decrease was concordant. Considering the distribution of HEs in multiple layers of the retina, volumetric analysis could be considered a substitute for the analysis of HE area.

Combined Central Retinal Vein And Artery Occlusion In A Patient With Elevated Level Of Factor VIII: A Case Report.

PURPOSE: To report a case of unilateral central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) with central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) in a patient with elevated Factor VIII. CASE PRESENTATION: A 48-year-old woman presented with a complaint of decreased visual acuity in her left eye that began 6 weeks prior. The patient had diabetes. The best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was hand motion, IOP was 34 mmHg, and there was a neovascularization of the iris in the left eye. A complete fundus evaluation including fluorescein angiography showed non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy in the right eye and CRVO with CRAO in the left eye. Systemic evaluation revealed elevated fibrinogen and Factor VIII suggestive of the diagnosis of thrombophilia due to elevated Factor VIII. This symptom was the first sign of the underlying disorder. IOP was normalized 1 week after IOP lowering agents were applied. Intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment and pan-retinal photocoagulation were performed in the left eye. Additionally, to treat thrombophilia, warfarin treatment was started and flame-shaped retinal hemorrhage with cotton wool patch near the optic disc and around the retinal vascular arcade at the posterior pole had occurred in the right eye during treatment. Then, warfarin treatment was discontinued and retinal hemorrhage was decreased. In the left eye, the BCVA did not change during treatment. CONCLUSION: Elevated levels of Factor VIII as an independent risk in the development of venous thromboembolism. Combined cases usually present with severe visual loss and such patients should be thoroughly evaluated to diagnose underlying factors including Factor VIII, and initiate appropriate management at the earliest.

Type I pig collagen enhances the efficacy of PEDF 34-mer peptide in a mouse model of laser-induced choroidal neovascularization.

BACKGROUND: Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF)-derived 34-mer peptide (PEDF34, Asp44-Asn77) has anti-angiogenic activity but has limitations in clinical application because of an inverted bell-shaped dose-effect relationship and a short half-life. In this study, we attempted to mitigate these problems by mixing PEDF34 with type I collagen. METHODS: The anti-angiogenic activity of the PEDF34/atelocollagen mixture was evaluated by HUVEC tube formation assay and in a laser-induced choroidal neovascular (CNV) mouse model. PEDF34 and/or collagen were administrated using intravitreal injections or eye drops. CNV lesion size was quantified using FITC-dextran-perfused retinal whole mounts. Western blot analysis and inhibitor assays were used to define the action mechanisms of PEDF34 and the mixture. RESULTS: Collagen broadened the effective dose range of PEDF34 in the tube formation assay by > 250 times (from 0.2 to 50 nM). In the CNV model, five intravitreal injections of PEDF34 were required for therapeutic effect, whereas the mixture had a significant therapeutic effect following a single injection. Eye drops of the mixture showed significantly stronger CNV-suppressive effects than drops of PEDF34 alone. The anti-angiogenic activity of PEDF34 might be mediated by inhibition of ERK and JNK activation by VEGF, and collagen potentiated these effects. CONCLUSIONS: Collagen can serve as a carrier and reservoir of PEDF34. PEDF peptide/collagen mixture is easy to prepare than conventional methods for maintaining the therapeutic effect of PEDF peptide.

Flexible electrochemical glucose biosensor based on GOx/gold/MoS2/gold nanofilm on the polymer electrode.

The need for flexible biosensors has increased because of their potential applications for point-of-care diagnosis and wearable biosensors. However, flexible biosensors have low sensitivity due to the flexibility of the electrode, and their fabrication involves complex processes. To overcome these limitations, a flexible electrochemical enzyme biosensor was developed in this study by immobilizing an enzyme on the flexible polymer electrode modified with a gold/MoS2/gold nanofilm. The fabrication process involved sputter deposition of gold, spin coating of MoS2, and sputter deposition of gold on the flexible polymer electrode (commercially available Kapton® polyimide film). The flexible glucose biosensor was made by immobilization of glucose oxidase on a flexible electrode by using a chemical linker. The detection limit for glucose was estimated to be 10 nM, which indicates more sensitivity as compared with a previously reported flexible glucose sensor. This sensitivity is due to the facilitation of electron transfer by MoS2. The flexure extension of this biosensor was estimated at 3.48 mm, which is much higher than that of the rigid sensor using a gold-coated silicon electrode (0.09 mm), according to measurements with a micro-fatigue tester. The proposed flexible biosensor composed of the enzyme/gold/MoS2/gold nanofilm on the polymer electrode can be used as a flexible sensing platform for developing wearable biosensing systems because of its high sensitivity, high flexibility, and simple fabrication process.

Individual differences in continuous flash suppression: Potency and linkages to binocular rivalry dynamics.

Binocular rivalry (BR) and continuous flash suppression (CFS) are compelling psychophysical phenomena involving interocular suppression. Using an individual differences approach we assessed whether interocular suppression induced by CFS is predictable in potency from characteristics of BR that are plausibly governed by interocular inhibition. We found large individual differences in BR dynamics and, in addition, in the strength of CFS as gauged by the incidence and durations of breakthroughs in CFS during an extended viewing periods. CFS's potency waned with repeated trials, but stable individual differences persisted despite these mean shifts. We also discovered large individual differences in the strength of the post-CFS shift in BR dominance produced by interocular suppression. While CFS breakthroughs were significantly negatively correlated with shifts in BR dominance after CFS, there were no significant associations between individual differences in alternation rate during pre-CFS binocular rivalry and either breakthroughs during CFS or post-CFS dominance shifts. Bayesian hypothesis tests and highest posterior density intervals confirmed the weak association between these two forms of interocular suppression. Thus, our findings suggest that the substantial individual differences in BR dynamics and CFS effectiveness are modestly related but not entirely mediated by one common neural substrate.